Do agricultural public spending influence food security, productivity, and environmental conservation in Africa?

Abstract

This qualitative study employs thematic analysis of secondary data to explore African agency in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects within the East African Community (EAC). It examines the reactive and proactive forms of agency, highlighting challenges such as limited participation in financing, corruption, and clientelism, alongside proactive efforts by Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and local communities. Findings reveal a lack of unified strategy among EAC states, underscoring the need for coordinated regional approaches to enhance bargaining power and secure long-term interests.