Challenges facing the African ports in the next millennium

Abstract

Over the last 30 years, significant changes in the world trade and transport have drastically transformed the structure and orientation of the transport industry especially the ports sub-sector. There has been growth in the volume of trade and an increase in the diversity of exporters and importers. The complementary development of port facilities and international services has created greater competition among ports and between water-based and other modes of transport. Former state monopolies are now confronted with an environment in which the user has a much greater say in the operation of ports.